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Viernes 28 de Septiembre de 2012 18:48

Los 8 Reales peninsulares de la casa de Borbón

por Ernesto Gutiérrez Guinea
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El 1 de noviembre de 1700 en Madrid Carlos II último monarca de la Casa de Austria cuyos reinados se habían iniciado en 1516 con Carlos I que llegaría ser conocido como Carlos V a partir del momento de su elección como Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico en 1519. El atribulado monarca muerto a los 39 años ha tenido un reinado duro para él en el terreno personal, pues siempre había arrastrado una constitución débil y enfermiza derivada en expresión de Marañon “de la bárbara consanguidad de los Hagsburgo” cuyos frecuentes enlaces entre parientes próximos determinó una dificultad genética para la procreación y aún para el normal ejercicio de sus funciones.
Suele ser reconocido actualmente por la mayor parte de los historiadores que así como el reinado de Carlos II fue un periodo de decadencia demográfica y económica dentro del reino de Castilla que actuaba como núcleo de la Monarquía Hispánica, en la que figura del Rey era el continuo centro de atención de toda clase de intrigas para influir en el ánimo de Carlos II, sin embargo el Rey a la hora de morir sin descendencia directa quiso tratar de asegurar la pervivencia del Imperio Español, evitando su disgregación dando preferencia para su sucesión  a la dinastía francesa de los Borbones, cuyo monarca reinante era, él en aquel momento todopoderoso, Luis XIV que suponía disponía de la fuerza militar suficiente para imponer a su descendiente Felipe de Anjou como su sucesor, manteniendo la integridad del Imperio, tanto Europeo como americano, de España, pese a la patente oposición de las casas reinantes en las potencias europeas a que la dinastía de los Borbones concentrara el poder absoluto en los países mas fuertes en aquellos momentos en Europa.
No obstante, los acontecimientos no transcurrieron en forma tan pacifica como hubiera deseado Carlos II. La designación del descendiente de Luis XIV (que en el tratado de paz de los Pirineos había matrimoniado como Teresa de Austria hija de Felipe IV) como Felipe V de España encontró la enemiga inmediata de Austria, a la que Inglaterra apoyó rápidamente en la pretensión de que el archiduque Carlos, hijo de Leopoldo I Emperador de Sacro Imperio fuera proclamado Rey de España, lo que efectivamente tuvo lugar en 1705 en la parte nordeste del territorio español que se levantó contra Felipe V, dando lugar a la llamada Guerra de Sucesión española que se desarrolló tanto en los campos de batalla centroeuropeos como en los españoles.
El pretendiente Carlos fue proclamado Emperador de Alemania y Austria en 1711 a la muerte de su padre Leopoldo I, por lo que al perder interés en el trono español, la Guerra de Sucesión fue liquidada en 1714 con los tratados de Utretch y Rastatt tras la rendición de Barcelona, última ciudad leal al archiduque. España conservó su imperio ultramarino pero perdió sus posesiones en Italia y los Países Bajos en beneficio de Austria. La instauración de una nueva dinastía, la Casa de Borbón, supuso un importante pao en la regeneración de las instituciones de gobierno en España y en su papel en Europa al compás de la aplicación de los llamados Decretos de Nueva Planta de 1714 que aunque, lesivos para Cataluña, impulsaron una centralización que eliminó las fronteras interiores entre los antiguos Reinos que propició el desarrollo económico.
Desde el punto de vista numismático, las emisiones del archiduque Carlos tuvieron una significación limitada a la emisión en Barcelona de Dineros, Ardites, Croats y Reales de a 2, emitidos de 1707 a 1714, con nomograma a nombre del Rey a la manera del de los Reales de a 2 segovianos de 1682 acuñados por Carlos II, así como a piezas de oro de 2 y 4 Escudos, labrados en Mallorca. Sin embargo, el reinado de Felipe V representó en el terreno numismático un profundo cambio en los métodos de acuñación y en las especificaciones monetarias de peso y ley que se reflejaría no solo en las emisiones peninsulares realizadas a partir de 1729, sino también aunque no de forma inmediata, en las emisiones americanas de Méjico, Lima y Potosí.
Los cambios monetarios de Felipe V no tuvieron lugar en forma brusca al comienzo de su reinado, sino que acontecieron de forma gradual a lo largo del mismo. De esta manera, en esta entrada nos referiremos básicamente a la evolución de las emisiones de los Reales de a 8 a nombre de éste Rey, realizados en las Cecas peninsulares de: Sevilla, Segovia y Madrid. Así, las primeras emisiones de moneda de Felipe V representan una continuidad total con las de Carlos II, emitiendo piezas de 8 Reales de peso reducido (Marías) en Sevilla en 1701, producidas con prensa de volante de idéntico diseño al empleado en las piezas de este mismo tipo, emitidas en 1700 a nombre de Carlos II, también en Sevilla.
En cuanto a la producción de moneda macuquina acuñada a martillo, ésta continuó en Madrid en forma esporádica de 1704 a 1709, así como en Sevilla con los raros ejemplares de 1702 y 1704, con denominación a la izquierda del escudo de la Casa de Borbón (8 arábigo) y Ceca y Ensayador a la derecha, en forma inversa a la que había sido habitual con la dinastía anterior. Es característica común de todas las emisiones de la nueva dinastía, el que los leones de las armas de Castilla y León aparezcan coronados, en una disposición que solo había tenido lugar antes muy de tarde en tarde, como en la emisión de piezas de 8 Reales de Valladolid de 1599 a 1601.
Por lo que se refiere a la marca de la Ceca de Madrid, se utilizó inicialmente la M como en las emisiones de la década de los 30 del reinado de Felipe IV. A partir de las emisiones de 1728, está M aparecerá coronada, indicando la consolidación de Madrid como sede de la Corte, alejadas ya las turbulencias de la Guerra de Sucesión. Con Felipe V, como con todos los reyes de la dinastía borbónica, el escudo de su Casa, con tres flores de lis en el centro, substituiría el escudo imperial de los Hagsburgo, tanto en las emisiones peninsulares como en las americanas.
Tras la breve fase de acuñación de moneda macuquina, en 1709 se acuñaría en prensa de volante (prensa de tornillo, con brazos muy largos y piezas con gran momento de inercia en sus extremos) piezas de 8, 4 y 2 Reales con el busto de Monarca a la manera del de Luis XIV en los Escudos de plata francesas. Tras ello, en la Ceca de Madrid actuando como Ensayador José Caballero se acuñaron, utilizando la prensa a rodillos con maquinaria similar a la empleada en el Ingenio, monedas de 8 Reales y sus divisores, desde 1710 a 1716, con  variantes, con y sin dibujo en el canto, para la pieza de 1710. La rareza de estas monedas va en aumento con el año de emisión, siendo rarísimas las de 1716 (no hemos contemplado en ninguna pieza ni en vivo ni en fotografía), Muy Raras las de 1715 y 1712 y Raras las restantes. Las fechas de 1711 y 1713 presentan dos variantes de rareza semejante: con corona grande y con corona pequeña sobre el escudo del reverso.

              

FIGURA 124.2

En 1728 y 1729 se acuñaron en Madrid piezas de 8 Reales mediante prensa a rodillos y canto de cordoncillo, procediéndose de la misma manera en Segovia (que no acuñaba Reales de a 8 desde 1697) de 1727 a 1729, y en Sevilla en 1728 y 1729. La Ordenanza monetaria que dictó Felipe V en 1728, así como las regulaciones posteriores de 1729 y 1730, ordenan la recogida y fusión de la antigua moneda macuquina y su substitución progresiva por monedas producidas por medios mecánicos que en adelante estarán constituidos por prensas de volante, a las que ya hemos hecho referencia. Las emisiones de 8 y 4 Reales mas prolíficas de Felipe V son las llevadas a cabo en Sevilla en 1718 que son, con diferencia, las mas comunes de todas las piezas españoles producidas por estampación. Estas piezas se distinguen inmediatamente del resto de las monedas de rodillo por lo basto de sus grabados y la ausencia de detalle, características que estaban asociadas a la necesidad de producir un gran número de piezas en la forma mas rápida posible, en aquel año.
Como consecuencia de la promulgación de las nuevas disposiciones monetarias, la Casa de Sevilla emitió piezas de 8 Reales acuñadas a volante con canto de cordoncillo, desde 1731 a 1736, con tipos semejantes a los empleados en la moneda anterior, si bien con nuevo peso y ley. También se acuñaron a volante este mismo tipo de monedas en 1929 y 1930 en Sevilla, sin indicación de denominación. La Ceca de Madrid, por su parte, produjo este mismo tipo de monedas, con indicación de valor, de 1728 a 1732, 1734 y 1740. La última producción de 8 Reales en el Ingenio de Segovia tiene lugar de 1727 a 1729 y las últimas acuñaciones de 8 Reales con este diseño acuñadas a volante, se producen en 1762 en Sevilla y Madrid, con Carlos III.
La pieza cuya fotografía aparece en la FIGURA 124.1 es un 8 Reales de Felipe V acuñado a rodillo en 1728 en Sevilla, con el Ensayador Pedro Remigio Gordillo representado por la letra P. Estas piezas se batieron en una cantidad apreciable, especialmente las de 1728, mucho mas abundantes que las de 1729, aunque en la mayoría de los catálogos, éstas últimas aparecen con un precio superior. Probablemente, la gran cantidad de monedas emitidas (superado solo por las de esta misma Ceca en 1718) proviene posiblemente de haber sido labradas con la plata resultante de la fusión de las piezas acuñadas también a rodillo en Sevilla, pero con un módulo mucho mas grueso y reducido con el escudo borbónico rodeado de circunferencia, emitidas de 1705 a 1714, que actualmente son muy raras (con precios del orden de 2.500€ en VF).
Las piezas de 1728 tienen un precio muy bajo en YRIARTE 1965 (40$), algo mas alto en CALBETÓ 1970 (175$) mientras que en CAYÓN y CALICÓ experimentan una importante revalorización de 1975 a 1980, estabilizando su precio a partir de ese momento con 110.000P en F en CAYÓN 1998 y 1.000€ en VF en CALICÓ 2008. En cuanto a otros autores, VICENTI valora esta pieza en 12.000P en 1968 y en 65.000P en 1968, PEIRÓ 2007 en 500€ en F y 750€ en VF y KRAUSE 2002 desde 250$ en VG a 1.450$ en XF. En la subasta de una importante colección de piezas de Felipe V realizada por CAYÓN el 15 de diciembre de 2005 en Madrid, una pieza como ésta, en conservación equivalente (XF) fue adjudicada en 1.200€ mas gastos. Para nosotros, el valor y precio de mercado de este ejemplar es similar al de las piezas del Ingenio de Segovia de Felipe III y Felipe IV, ésto es 1.350€ en XF (600€ en F y 900€ en VF). Esta pieza suele encontrase en grados de VF a AU.

        

FIGURA 124.2

La pieza de la FIGURA 124.2 es un 8 Reales acuñado en el Ingenio de Segovia en 1728 a nombre de Felipe V con el Ensayador Fernando Vargas (F). Los tres últimos 8 Reales acuñados en el Ingenio, corresponden a las fechas de: 1727, 1728 y 1729. El ejemplar de 1928, como éste, es con mucho el mas corriente, aunque las diferencias observadas en catálogos y listas de venta, en nuestra opinión, no se corresponden con la rareza real de las fechas de 1727 y 1729, especialmente con la de la primera. El presente ejemplar corresponde a la variedad con el módulo grande, ligeramente mas valorada que la del módulo pequeño.
La presente pieza tiene como puntos fuertes, su buena pátina y su excelente centraje, y como débil, un cierto fondo granulado, producido probablemente por sobrecalentamiento del cospel. La conservación es muy buena, pero no llega a XF por presentar algún desgaste sobre la melena de los leones del escudo del reverso, y sobre todo, de las piedras angulares del cuerpo principal de los castillos del primer cuartel del anverso, por lo que solo llega al grado VF+.
La valoración de esta pieza para la mayor parte de los autores es similar a la de Sevilla de 1728 mostrada en la FIGURA anterior. Nosotros no obstante, reconociendo que su valor de mercado es similar, creemos que su rareza es bastante mayor. El valor de la pieza sería el de los 8 Reales comunes de Felipe III y Felipe IV del Ingenio, ésto es: 1.000€ en VF+ (900€ en VF) y su precio de mercado por su buen centraje, sería algo superior: 1.100€.

    

FIGURA 124.3


La pieza que aparece en la FIGURA 124.3 es un 8 Reales acuñado a volante en Madrid a nombre de Felipe V en 1730 con los Ensayadores José García Caballero y Fernando Vázquez , representados ambos por las letras J y F, situadas debajo de la denominación en arábigo (8) a la derecha del escudo de la Casa de Borbón,. Estas piezas se batieron en la Ceca de Madrid desde 1729 a 1732, en 1734 y en 1740. La rareza de todas las fechas es bastante similar.
El presente ejemplar tiene una pátina muy gruesa que recubre unas probables oxidaciones marinas. La pieza tiene buen aspecto por su alto relieve, aunque su desgaste es bastante generalizado, evidenciándose especialmente en los castillos y leones del escudo del reverso, y en el florón central de la corona. Por ello, su grado es F+. La rareza de este tipo de piezas acuñadas a volante en Madrid y Sevilla en la década de los 30 del siglo XVIII es bastante similar, siendo asimilable a la de las piezas del Ingenio de Felipe III y Felipe IV.
CALICÓ y CAYÓN abundan en este mismo sentido con cotizaciones muy similares a las de las piezas laminadas de 1728 y 1729 de Madrid, Sevilla y Segovia. Por tanto, asignaremos a esa pieza un valor y precio de mercado de 700€ en F+ (600€ en F y 900€ en VF). Éstas son piezas que se encuentran con facilidad en VF, pero que son bastante raras en XF y muy difícilmente encontrables en AU.

     

FIGURA 124.4

La moneda que aparece en la FIGURA 124.4  es un 8 Reales acuñado a volante en 1762 en Sevilla a nombre de Carlos III, con los Ensayadores Juan de Villadiciosa y Vicente Díaz de la Fuente representados por las letras J y V debajo de la denominación (8) a la derecha del escudo de la Casa de Borbón. Esta pieza de Sevilla y la correspondiente a la misma fecha de la Ceca de Madrid son las últimas emitidas con el tipo de castillos y leones en el anverso y escudo de la Casa reinante en el reverso, que había sido autorizado por la Orden de Felipe II en 1566, acuñándose a partir de ese momento en esta forma en todas las cecas peninsulares.
Esta moneda tiene  un canto mucho menos acusado que las del mismo tipo de Felipe V, por lo cual se encuentra normalmente con bastante desgaste, siendo muy apreciables y difíciles de encontrar las piezas con parte apreciable de su brillo original y buen relieve. La pieza tiene un desgaste considerable, pero aún así teniendo en cuenta sus características de acuñación podemos graduarla como VF-. La rareza de las piezas de Sevilla y Madrid es equivalente, aunque éstas últimas son algo mas escasas; sin embargo las de Madrid suelen tener una mejor conservación que las de Sevilla. La valoración de estas piezas por parte de los diferentes autores es aproximadamente un 25% inferior a la de los 8 Reales comunes de Felipe V. Para nosotros, en una conservación determinada igual para ambas monedas, su rareza es equivalente, por lo que asignamos a esta pieza un valor y precio de mercado de 800€ en VF- (900€ en VF).       

 FIGURA 124.5

Terminamos nuestro recorrido por las piezas acuñadas por la Casa de Austria en el Ingenio segoviano, con la pieza cuya fotografía aparece en la FIGURA 124.5. Se trata de una moneda acuñada a rodillo, por Carlos II en Segovia en 1697 con el Ensayador Bernardo Pedrera, cuya sigla BR entrelazada, aparece entre la cadena de la Orden del Toisón de Oro y el nombre del Rey, a la derecha del escudo de Castilla y León, en el reverso. En el anverso figura el anagrama MA, propio de las llamadas “Marías”.
La moneda tiene un peso y ley propios de este tipo de piezas llamadas Marías por el anagrama de su anverso acuñado de acuerdo con los términos de la Pragmática de Carlos II de 14 de octubre de 1686 con un peso reducido en un quinto del de los Reales de a 8 emitidos anteriormente (con un peso de 22 gramos en lugar de los 27,6 habituales). Estas piezas comenzaron a circular (con el nombre de plata nueva) con un valor de 408 maravedís, por 12 reales de velón o sea con un premio de un 20% sobre su valor nominal.
YRIARTE refiere la existencia de la fecha de 1686, lo que no hace el resto de los autores que sí reconocen además de la de 1687, la de 1691 (Muy Rara, con un valor de cuatro veces el de la de 1687. La presente pieza tiene un valor de 900€ en VF similar al de las piezas comunes de 8 Reales de Felipe II y Felipe IV y del orden del doble de las comunes de Carlos II en conservación equivalente. Por ello, la asignamos un valor de 900€ en VF, reducido a un precio de mercado de 600€, por notorios defectos de acuñación producidos durante el proceso de laminado.

 THE PENINSULAR 8 REAL OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON

On November the 1st, 1700 in Madrid Carlos II last monarch of the House of Habsburg, whose reigns had begun in 1516 with Charles I that would come to be known as Charles V from the time of his election as Emperor of the Holy Roman German Empire in 1519. The troubled monarch died at the age of 39 had a hard reign as for his private life, because he always had dragged a weak and sick constitution derived from a Marañon expression “of the barbarous consanguinity of the Habsburgs” whose frequent links between close relatives identified a genetic difficulty for procreation, and even in the normal exercise of their functions.
It is usually be recognized currently by most of the historians as well as the reign of Charles II was a period of demographic and economic decline within the Kingdom of Castile that acted as the core of the Spanish monarchy, in which the king was the continuous centre of attention of all sorts of intrigues to influence the mood of Charles II, however, the king when he comes to die without direct descent wanted to try to ensure the survival of the Spanish Empire, avoiding its disintegration giving preference to his succession to the French dynasty of the Bourbons, of which the reigning monarch, all-powerful then, Louis XIV who had sufficient military force to impose its descendant Philip of Anjou as his successor, maintaining the integrity of the Empire, both European as American, in Spain, despite the clear opposition of the reigning houses in the European powers to the dynasty of the Bourbons concentrate absolute power in the stronger countries at that time in Europe.
However, the events have not been shaped in such a peaceful way as wished Charles II. The designation of the descendant of Louis XIV (who in the Peace Treaty of the Pyrenees had married as Teresa of Austria, daughter of Philip IV) as Philip V of Spain found the immediate enemy of Austria, to which England supported quickly on the plan that the Archduke Charles, son of Leopold I Emperor of Holy Empire was proclaimed King of Spain, what actually took place in 1705 in the north eastern part of the Spanish territory that rose against Philip V, starting to the so-called War of the Spanish Succession that developed both the Spanish and the Central European battlefields.
The pretender Carlos was proclaimed emperor of Germany and Austria in 1711 at the death of his father Leopold I, so to lose interest in the Spanish throne, the War of Succession was winded up in 1714 with the treaties of Utretch and Rastatt after the surrender of Barcelona, last loyal city of the Archduke. Spain retained his ultramarine empire but lost its possessions in Italy and in the Netherlands for the benefit of Austria. The establishment of a new dynasty, the House of Bourbon, supposed an important step in the regeneration of the institutions of government in Spain and its role in Europe in time to of the application of the so-called Decrees of Nueva Planta in 1714 though, harmful for Catalonia, drove a centralization that removed the internal borders between the former kingdoms which led to an economic development.
In a numismatic point of view, the emissions of the Archduke Charles had a limited significance to the issue in Barcelona of Dineros, Ardites, Croats and a Real of 2, coined from 1707 to 1714, with nomogram in the name of the king in the manner of a 2 real of Segovia of 1682 coined by Charles II, as well as gold coins of 2 and 4 escudos carved in Mallorca. However, the reign of Philip V in the numismatic field represented a deep change in the methods of coinage and monetary specifications of weight and assay value that would not only be reflected in the Peninsular emissions realized since 1729, but also though not immediately in American issues of Mexico, Lima and Potosí.
The monetary changes of Philip V did not take place suddenly at the beginning of his reign, but it happened gradually over the same. In this way, in this post we will refer basically to the evolution of the issue of the 8 real in the name of this king, made in the peninsular mints of: Sevilla, Segovia and Madrid. Thus, the first issues of coins of Philip V represent a total continuity with those of Charles II, issuing coins of 8 real of reduced weight (Marias) in Seville in 1701, produced with wheel press of identical design to the one employed in the coins of the same type, issued in 1700 in the name of Charles II, also in Seville.
As for the production of cob currency coined with hammer, it continued in Madrid sporadically from 1704 to 1709, as well as in Seville with rare copies of 1702 and 1704, with name on the left of the shield of the House of Bourbon (Arabic 8) and mint and assayer on the right, on the contrary way what had been usual with the previous dynasty. It is a common feature of all the issues of the new dynasty, which the lions in the arms of Castile and León appear crowned, in a disposition that only had taken place before very late in the afternoon, in the coinage of the 8 real coins of Valladolid from 1599 to 1601.
For what is referring to the brand of the Mint of Madrid, it was initially used the M in the 1730s of the reign of Philip IV issues. From the 1728 issues, this M will appear crowned, indicating the consolidation of Madrid as the seat of the Court, already removed from the turbulence of the War of Succession. With Philip V, as well as all the kings of the Bourbon dynasty, the shield of his House, with three flowers of lily in the center, would substitute the imperial shield of the Habsburgs, both in the American and peninsular issues.
After the brief phase of cob coinage in 1709, it would be coined with a wheel press (screw press, with very long arms and coins with high moment of inertia in the extremes) coins of 8, 4 and 2 real with the bust of the monarch in the manner of Louis XIV on the Escudos of French silver. After that, in the Mint of Madrid acting as assayer José Caballero were coined, using the press roller with similar equipment to the one used in the Ingenio, 8 real coins and its divisors, from 1710 to 1716, with variations, with and without drawing in the edge, for the coin of 1710. The rarity of these coins is increasing with the year of issue, being rare in 1716 (we do not have referred in any coin in live or photography), very rare in 1712 and 1715 and rare the remaining ones. The 1711 And 1713 dates present two variants of equal rarity: with large crown and small crown above the shield of the back.
In 1728 and 1729 were minted in Madrid 8 real coins with a roller press and edge of cord, proceeding in the same way in Segovia (which did not mint a 8 real coins since 1697) from 1727 to 1729, and in Seville in 1728 and 1729. The monetary Ordinance issued by Philip V in 1728, as well as the subsequent regulations of 1729 and 1730, ordered the collection and fusion of the old cob currency and its progressive replacement by coins produced by mechanical means which in future will be composed of presses of steering wheel, to which we have already referred. The most prolific issues of 8 and 4 real of Philip V are those carried out in Seville in 1718 which are, by far, the most common of all the Spanish coins produced by stamping. These coins are immediately distinguished from the rest of the roller currencies for coarse of its engravings and the absence of detail, characteristics that were associated with the need to produce a large number of coins in the more quickly form possible, in that year.
As a result of the enactment of the new monetary provisions, the House of Seville issued coins of 8 real, minted with a wheel with edge of cord, from 1731 to 1736, with similar types to those employed in the previous currency, albeit with a new weight and assay value. Also were minted with wheel this same type of currency in 1929 and 1930 in Seville, without indication of name. The Mint of Madrid, for its part, produced the same type of coins, with an indication of value, from 1728 to 1732, 1734 and 1740. The last production of 8 real in the Ingenio of Segovia takes place from 1727 to 1729 and the last coinages of 8 real with this design minted with wheel, occur in 1762 in Seville and Madrid, with Charles III.
The coin whose photograph appears on the figure 124.1 is an 8 real of Philip V coined with roller in 1728 in Seville, with the assayer Pedro Remigio Gordillo represented by the letter P. These coins were emitted a significant amount, especially those of 1728, much more abundant than the ones of 1729, although mostly of the catalogues, these last ones appear with a higher price. Probably, the large number of issued coins (only surpassed by this same Mint in 1718) possibly comes from having been carved out with the resulting silver from the melting of the coins also roller minted in Seville, but with a diameter much more thicker and reduced with the Bourbon shield surrounded by circumference, issued from 1705 to 1714, which are currently very rare (with prices on the order of €2,500 in VF).
The coins of 1728 have a very low price in Yriarte 1965 ($40), something higher in Calbetó 1970 ($175) while in Cayón and Calicó, they experience a significant revaluation from 1975 to 1980, stabilizing its price since then with 110,000 pesetas in F in Cayón 1998 and €1,000 VF in Calicó 2008. As for other authors, Vicenti appreciated this coin to 12,000 pesetas in 1968 and 65,000 pesetas in 1968, Peiró 2007 for €500 in F and €750 in VF and Krause 2002 from $250 in VG to $1,450 in XF. In the auction of an important collection of coins of Philip V made by Cayón in Madrid on December the 15th, 2005, a coin like this, in an equivalent conservation (XF) was awarded for €1,200 more charges. For us, the value and the market price of this copy it is similar to the coins of the Ingenio of Segovia of Philip III and Philip IV, this is €1,350 in XF (€600 in F and €900 in VF). This coin is often found in grades from VF to AU.
The coin of the figure 124.2 is an 8 real coined in the Ingenio of Segovia in 1728 in the name of Philip V with the Assayer Fernando Vargas (F). The three last 8 real minted in the Ingenio, correspond to the dates of: 1727, 1728 and 1729. The copy of 1928, like this one, is by far the most common, although the differences observed in the catalogues and lists of sale, in our opinion, it does not correspond with the real rarity of 1727 and 1729, especially with the one of the first dates. The present copy corresponds to the variety with the large diameter, slightly more valued than the small diameter.
This coin has strengths, its good patina and its excellent centring, and as weak point, a certain granulated background, probably produced by the overheating token. The conservation is very good, but does not reach XF for presenting some wear on the mane of the lions of the shield of the back, and above all, the cornerstones of the main body of the castles of the first headquarters of the front, which is why it only reaches the VF+ grade.
The valuation of this coin for most of the authors is similar to the one of Seville in 1728 shown in the previous figure. We, however, recognize that its market value is similar, we believe that their rarity is considerably larger. The value of the coin would be the one of the common 8 real of Philip III and Philip IV of the Ingenio, this is: €1,000 in VF+ (€900 in VF) and its market price for its good centering, would be something higher: €1,100.
The coin that appears in the figure 124.3 is an 8 real wheel coined in Madrid in the name of Philip V in 1730 with the Assayers José García Caballero and Fernando Vázquez, represented both by the letters J and F, located below the denomination in Arabic (8) on the right of the shield of the House of Bourbon. These coins were emitted in the Mint of Madrid from 1729 to 1732, in 1734 and in 1740. The rarity of all the dates is quite similar.
The present copy has a very thick patina that covers some probable marine oxidations. The coin looks good by its high relief, although its wear is quite widespread, proving especially in the castles and lions of the shield of the back, and the central rosette of the crown. Therefore, its grade is F+. The rarity of this type of coins wheel minted in Madrid and Seville in the decade of the thirties of the 18th century is quite similar, being comparable to the coins of the Ingenio of Philip III and Philip IV.
Calicó and Cayón abound in this same sense with values very similar to the laminated coins of 1728 and 1729 in Madrid, Seville and Segovia. Therefore, we assign to this coin a value and a market price of €700 in F+ (€600 in F and €900 in VF). These are coins that are easily found in VF, but that are quite rare in XF and hardly found in AU.
The currency that appears in the figure 124.4 is an 8 real wheel coined in 1762 in Seville in the name of Charles III, with the Assayers Juan de Villadiciosa and Vicente Díaz de la Fuente represented by the letters J and V under the denomination (8) on the right of the shield of the House of Bourbon. This coin of Seville and the corresponding to the same date as the Mint of Madrid are the latest issued with the kind of castles and lions in the front and the shield of the reigning House in the back, which had been authorized by the Order of Philip II in 1566, coined from that moment in this way in all the peninsular mints.
This coin has a much less pronounced edge than the ones of the same type of Philip V, which is normally with some wear, still very significant and hard to find coins with appreciable part of its original brightness and good relief. The coin has a considerable wear, but still taking into account characteristics of coinage we can graduate it as VF-. The rarity of coins of Seville and Madrid is equivalent, although these last are something scarcer; however, the ones of Madrid tend to have a better conservation than the Seville ones. The valuation of these coins by different authors is approximately 25% less than the ones of the common 8 real of Philip V. For us, in a same given conservation for both currencies, its rarity is equivalent, which is why we give to this coin a value and market price of €800 in VF- (900€ in VF).
We finished our tour with the coins minted by the House of Austria in the Segovian Ingenio, with the coin whose photograph appears in the figure 124.5. It is a roller minted coin, by Charles II in Segovia in 1697 with the Assayer Bernardo Pedrera, whose acronym BR intertwined, appears between the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the name of the king, on the right of the shield of Castile and León, on the back. The front contains the anagram MA, typical of the so-called "Marias".
The currency has its own weight and assay value characteristic of this type of coins called Marias with the anagram of its front coined under the terms of the Pragmatics of Charles II of October the 14th, 1686 with a reduced weight by a fifth of the 8 real issued previously (weighing 22 grams instead of the usual 27,6). These coins started to circular (under the name of new silver) with a value of 408 maravedis, for 12 real of bullion, that is to say with a prize of 20% on its nominal value.
Yriarte refers to the existence of the date of 1686, what does not do the rest of the authors that do recognize in addition to the one of 1687, the one of 1691 (very rare, with a value of four times of the 1687). This coin has a value of €900 in VF similar to the common coins of 8 real of Philip II and Philip IV and of the order of the double of the common of Charles II in equivalent conservation. Therefore we assign to it a value of €900 in VF, reduced to a market price of €600, for noticeable defects of coinage produced during the rolling process.

 

THE PENINSULAR 8 REAL OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON

 

On November the 1st, 1700 in Madrid Carlos II last monarch of the House of Habsburg, whose reigns had

 begun in 1516 with Charles I that would come to be known as Charles V from the time of his election as Emperor of the Holy Roman German Empire in 1519. The troubled monarch died at the age of 39 had a hard reign as for his private life, because he always had dragged a weak and sick constitution derived from a Marañon expression “of the barbarous consanguinity of the Habsburgs” whose frequent links between close relatives identified a genetic difficulty for procreation, and even in the normal exercise of their functions.

It is usually be recognized currently by most of the historians as well as the reign of Charles II was a period of demographic and economic decline within the Kingdom of Castile that acted as the core of the Spanish monarchy, in which the king was the continuous centre of attention of all sorts of intrigues to influence the mood of Charles II, however, the king when he comes to die without direct descent wanted to try to ensure the survival of the Spanish Empire, avoiding its disintegration giving preference to his succession to the French dynasty of the Bourbons, of which the reigning monarch, all-powerful then, Louis XIV who had sufficient military force to impose its descendant Philip of Anjou as his successor, maintaining the integrity of the Empire, both European as American, in Spain, despite the clear opposition of the reigning houses in the European powers to the dynasty of the Bourbons concentrate absolute power in the stronger countries at that time in Europe.

However, the events have not been shaped in such a peaceful way as wished Charles II. The designation of the descendant of Louis XIV (who in the Peace Treaty of the Pyrenees had married as Teresa of Austria, daughter of Philip IV) as Philip V of Spain found the immediate enemy of Austria, to which England supported quickly on the plan that the Archduke Charles, son of Leopold I Emperor of Holy Empire was proclaimed King of Spain, what actually took place in 1705 in the north eastern part of the Spanish territory that rose against Philip V, starting to the so-called War of the Spanish Succession that developed both the Spanish and the Central European battlefields.

The pretender Carlos was proclaimed emperor of Germany and Austria in 1711 at the death of his father Leopold I, so to lose interest in the Spanish throne, the War of Succession was winded up in 1714 with the treaties of Utretch and Rastatt after the surrender of Barcelona, last loyal city of the Archduke. Spain retained his ultramarine empire but lost its possessions in Italy and in the Netherlands for the benefit of Austria. The establishment of a new dynasty, the House of Bourbon, supposed an important step in the regeneration of the institutions of government in Spain and its role in Europe in time to of the application of the so-called Decrees of Nueva Planta in 1714 though, harmful for Catalonia, drove a centralization that removed the internal borders between the former kingdoms which led to an economic development.

In a numismatic point of view, the emissions of the Archduke Charles had a limited significance to the issue in Barcelona of Dineros, Ardites, Croats and a Real of 2, coined from 1707 to 1714, with nomogram in the name of the king in the manner of a 2 real of Segovia of 1682 coined by Charles II, as well as gold coins of 2 and 4 escudos carved in Mallorca. However, the reign of Philip V in the numismatic field represented a deep change in the methods of coinage and monetary specifications of weight and assay value that would not only be reflected in the Peninsular emissions realized since 1729, but also though not immediately in American issues of Mexico, Lima and Potosí.

The monetary changes of Philip V did not take place suddenly at the beginning of his reign, but it happened gradually over the same. In this way, in this post we will refer basically to the evolution of the issue of the 8 real in the name of this king, made in the peninsular mints of: Sevilla, Segovia and Madrid. Thus, the first issues of coins of Philip V represent a total continuity with those of Charles II, issuing coins of 8 real of reduced weight (Marias) in Seville in 1701, produced with wheel press of identical design to the one employed in the coins of the same type, issued in 1700 in the name of Charles II, also in Seville.

As for the production of cob currency coined with hammer, it continued in Madrid sporadically from 1704 to 1709, as well as in Seville with rare copies of 1702 and 1704, with name on the left of the shield of the House of Bourbon (Arabic 8) and mint and assayer on the right, on the contrary way what had been usual with the previous dynasty. It is a common feature of all the issues of the new dynasty, which the lions in the arms of Castile and León appear crowned, in a disposition that only had taken place before very late in the afternoon, in the coinage of the 8 real coins of Valladolid from 1599 to 1601.

For what is referring to the brand of the Mint of Madrid, it was initially used the M in the 1730s of the reign of Philip IV issues. From the 1728 issues, this M will appear crowned, indicating the consolidation of Madrid as the seat of the Court, already removed from the turbulence of the War of Succession. With Philip V, as well as all the kings of the Bourbon dynasty, the shield of his House, with three flowers of lily in the center, would substitute the imperial shield of the Habsburgs, both in the American and peninsular issues.

After the brief phase of cob coinage in 1709, it would be coined with a wheel press (screw press, with very long arms and coins with high moment of inertia in the extremes) coins of 8, 4 and 2 real with the bust of the monarch in the manner of Louis XIV on the Escudos of French silver. After that, in the Mint of Madrid acting as assayer José Caballero were coined, using the press roller with similar equipment to the one used in the Ingenio, 8 real coins and its divisors, from 1710 to 1716, with variations, with and without drawing in the edge, for the coin of 1710. The rarity of these coins is increasing with the year of issue, being rare in 1716 (we do not have referred in any coin in live or photography), very rare in 1712 and 1715 and rare the remaining ones. The 1711 And 1713 dates present two variants of equal rarity: with large crown and small crown above the shield of the back.

In 1728 and 1729 were minted in Madrid 8 real coins with a roller press and edge of cord, proceeding in the same way in Segovia (which did not mint a 8 real coins since 1697) from 1727 to 1729, and in Seville in 1728 and 1729. The monetary Ordinance issued by Philip V in 1728, as well as the subsequent regulations of 1729 and 1730, ordered the collection and fusion of the old cob currency and its progressive replacement by coins produced by mechanical means which in future will be composed of presses of steering wheel, to which we have already referred. The most prolific issues of 8 and 4 real of Philip V are those carried out in Seville in 1718 which are, by far, the most common of all the Spanish coins produced by stamping. These coins are immediately distinguished from the rest of the roller currencies for coarse of its engravings and the absence of detail, characteristics that were associated with the need to produce a large number of coins in the more quickly form possible, in that year.

As a result of the enactment of the new monetary provisions, the House of Seville issued coins of 8 real, minted with a wheel with edge of cord, from 1731 to 1736, with similar types to those employed in the previous currency, albeit with a new weight and assay value. Also were minted with wheel this same type of currency in 1929 and 1930 in Seville, without indication of name. The Mint of Madrid, for its part, produced the same type of coins, with an indication of value, from 1728 to 1732, 1734 and 1740. The last production of 8 real in the Ingenio of Segovia takes place from 1727 to 1729 and the last coinages of 8 real with this design minted with wheel, occur in 1762 in Seville and Madrid, with Charles III.

The coin whose photograph appears on the figure 124.1 is an 8 real of Philip V coined with roller in 1728 in Seville, with the assayer Pedro Remigio Gordillo represented by the letter P. These coins were emitted a significant amount, especially those of 1728, much more abundant than the ones of 1729, although mostly of the catalogues, these last ones appear with a higher price. Probably, the large number of issued coins (only surpassed by this same Mint in 1718) possibly comes from having been carved out with the resulting silver from the melting of the coins also roller minted in Seville, but with a diameter much more thicker and reduced with the Bourbon shield surrounded by circumference, issued from 1705 to 1714, which are currently very rare (with prices on the order of €2,500 in VF).

The coins of 1728 have a very low price in Yriarte 1965 ($40), something higher in Calbetó 1970 ($175) while in Cayón and Calicó, they experience a significant revaluation from 1975 to 1980, stabilizing its price since then with 110,000 pesetas in F in Cayón 1998 and €1,000 VF in Calicó 2008. As for other authors, Vicenti appreciated this coin to 12,000 pesetas in 1968 and 65,000 pesetas in 1968, Peiró 2007 for €500 in F and €750 in VF and Krause 2002 from $250 in VG to $1,450 in XF. In the auction of an important collection of coins of Philip V made by Cayón in Madrid on December the 15th, 2005, a coin like this, in an

 equivalent conservation (XF) was awarded for €1,200 more charges. For us, the value and the market price of this copy it is similar to the coins of the Ingenio of Segovia of Philip III and Philip IV, this is €1,350 in XF (€600 in F and €900 in VF). This coin is often found in grades from VF to AU.

The coin of the figure 124.2 is an 8 real coined in the Ingenio of Segovia in 1728 in the name of Philip V with the Assayer Fernando Vargas (F). The three last 8 real minted in the Ingenio, correspond to the dates of: 1727, 1728 and 1729. The copy of 1928, like this one, is by far the most common, although the differences observed in the catalogues and lists of sale, in our opinion, it does not correspond with the real rarity of 1727 and 1729, especially with the one of the first dates. The present copy corresponds to the variety with the large diameter, slightly more valued than the small diameter.

This coin has strengths, its good patina and its excellent centring, and as weak point, a certain granulated background, probably produced by the overheating token. The conservation is very good, but does not reach XF for presenting some wear on the mane of the lions of the shield of the back, and above all, the cornerstones of the main body of the castles of the first headquarters of the front, which is why it only reaches the VF+ grade.

The valuation of this coin for most of the authors is similar to the one of Seville in 1728 shown in the previous figure. We, however, recognize that its market value is similar, we believe that their rarity is considerably larger. The value of the coin would be the one of the common 8 real of Philip III and Philip IV of the Ingenio, this is: €1,000 in VF+ (€900 in VF) and its market price for its good centering, would be something higher: €1,100.

The coin that appears in the figure 124.3 is an 8 real wheel coined in Madrid in the name of Philip V in 1730 with the Assayers José García Caballero and Fernando Vázquez, represented both by the letters J and F, located below the denomination in Arabic (8) on the right of the shield of the House of Bourbon. These coins were emitted in the Mint of Madrid from 1729 to 1732, in 1734 and in 1740. The rarity of all the dates is quite similar.

The present copy has a very thick patina that covers some probable marine oxidations. The coin looks good by its high relief, although its wear is quite widespread, proving especially in the castles and lions of the shield of the back, and the central rosette of the crown. Therefore, its grade is F+. The rarity of this type of coins wheel minted in Madrid and Seville in the decade of the thirties of the 18th century is quite similar,

 being comparable to the coins of the Ingenio of Philip III and Philip IV.

Calicó and Cayón abound in this same sense with values very similar to the laminated coins of 1728 and 1729 in Madrid, Seville and Segovia. Therefore, we assign to this coin a value and a market price of €700 in F+ (€600 in F and €900 in VF). These are coins that are easily found in VF, but that are quite rare in XF and hardly found in AU.

The currency that appears in the figure 124.4 is an 8 real wheel coined in 1762 in Seville in the name of Charles III, with the Assayers Juan de Villadiciosa and Vicente Díaz de la Fuente represented by the letters J and V under the denomination (8) on the right of the shield of the House of Bourbon. This coin of Seville and the corresponding to the same date as the Mint of Madrid are the latest issued with the kind of castles and lions in the front and the shield of the reigning House in the back, which had been authorized by the Order of Philip II in 1566, coined from that moment in this way in all the peninsular mints.

This coin has a much less pronounced edge than the ones of the same type of Philip V, which is normally with some wear, still very significant and hard to find coins with appreciable part of its original brightness and good relief. The coin has a considerable wear, but still taking into account characteristics of coinage we can graduate it as VF-. The rarity of coins of Seville and Madrid is equivalent, although these last are something scarcer; however, the ones of Madrid tend to have a better conservation than the Seville ones. The valuation of these coins by different authors is approximately 25% less than the ones of the common 8 real of Philip V. For us, in a same given conservation for both currencies, its rarity is equivalent, which is why we give to this coin a value and market price of €800 in VF- (900€ in VF).

We finished our tour with the coins minted by the House of Austria in the Segovian Ingenio, with the coin whose photograph appears in the figure 124.5. It is a roller minted coin, by Charles II in Segovia in 1697 with the Assayer Bernardo Pedrera, whose acronym BR intertwined, appears between the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the name of the king, on the right of the shield of Castile and León, on the back. The front contains the anagram MA, typical of the so-called "Marias".

The currency has its own weight and assay value characteristic of this type of coins called Marias with the anagram of its front coined under the terms of the Pragmatics of Charles II of October the 14th, 1686 with a

 reduced weight by a fifth of the 8 real issued previously (weighing 22 grams instead of the usual 27,6). These coins started to circular (under the name of new silver) with a value of 408 maravedis, for 12 real of bullion, that is to say with a prize of 20% on its nominal value.

Yriarte refers to the existence of the date of 1686, what does not do the rest of the authors that do recognize in addition to the one of 1687, the one of 1691 (very rare, with a value of four times of the 1687). This coin has a value of €900 in VF similar to the common coins of 8 real of Philip II and Philip IV and of the order of the double of the common of Charles II in equivalent conservation. Therefore we assign to it a value of €900 in VF, reduced to a market price of €600, for noticeable defects of coinage produced during the rolling process.

 

 

Ultima modificacion el Martes 11 de Febrero de 2014 11:15
Ernesto Gutiérrez Guinea

Ernesto Gutiérrez Guinea

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